I truly appreciate the feedback I receive from you, and I especially appreciate hearing from readers familiar with a home I have written about or who are descendants of a soldier I have written of.

I believe Maj. John Eells, 5^th Virginia Cavalry, may have been the last trooper, North or South, killed in action during the June 1863 fighting in the Loudoun Valley. Certainly, he is the last man we can identify by name to die on the battlefield. Thus, I was very happy to hear from Tobey Ritz. A retired civil engineer, Tobey offered the following article, in which he tries to understand John Eells, his second great granduncle, the decisions he made and the circumstances of his death. He believes, as he explained in an email, “by studying and learning from the past, we might be able to improve the future.”

***

Who was John Eells? In the Eells Family History there is one stark brief line, “John Eells, Born March 17, 1841, killed in the Civil War in Va.”[1] One brief line raised my curiosity, who was John Eells, second great granduncle of mine, killed in the Civil War? How had he lived, how had he died, at only 22 years old. There is a picture I’ve found supposedly of John Eels, although I cannot be sure. He is a confident handsome looking young man with dark hair, full beard and piercing eyes. He stands straight, tall, and proud in his uniform. One hand on his sword, a Colt revolver holstered on his hip. In the book Gloucester County in the Civil War, he is described; “His social grace and his prowess as a sportsman won him immediate acceptance into the society of Gloucester.”[2]

John’s father Marcellus, in the 1850’s worked as a business man of varied jobs and appears to have been active politicly in New York City, his mother, Susan died a young mother in 1857, John being only 16 years old. The family lived in Harlem near the East River during John’s childhood. Some information has John’s father working in the mining industry and living in Parkersburg, West Virginia (he passed away there in 1864). I think Parkersburg, West Virginia, (Virginia before the Civil War), is key to explaining who John Eells was and how his life ended. But first John attends school in New York City while growing up.

Around 1858-60, at 17-18 years of age, his life takes a strange, unusual, and critical turn, exactly how and why will likely be forever shrouded in mystery. Records show his widowed aunt, Mrs. Amanda Eells Jerrard, (who also seems to have spent time around Parkersburg, Virginia, like John’s father) purchasing a plantation for John Eells on Ware Neck, Gloucester, Virginia, on the Ware River. Perhaps being widowed with no children (and with John’s mother also gone) she loved John like a son. In the 1860 census, he is listed as a farmer. The plantation home is named “Baiae”, a beautiful brick home on the waterfront, still standing today. He has substantial property, livestock, and 10 slaves with an overseer and housekeeper. In 1860, just 19 years old, perhaps his father and aunt pooled money together to purchase the “Baiae” house for John. Why purchase the property in Gloucester when they did not live in the area? Why does John, who grew up with his family in New York City, suddenly move to Virginia to be a plantation and slave owner?  One wonders, did they not see the storm clouds gathering and foretelling of the future conflict between North and South? How does John Eells go from growing up in New York City to become a slave owner in Virginia in 1860?

Accounts from Gloucester and Ware Parish say enough about John to paint a picture of a confident young man who at just 18-19 years of age quickly fit into Virginia’s Tidewater society and made a good impression. He obviously rode horses well. There seems to have been some connection to the Taliaferro family, an old established Gloucester, Virginia, family. One account relays a conversation with Dr. Philip Taliaferro (whose mother was Leah T. Seddon, sister of James Seddon Confederate secretary of war from 1862-65), in which he advises John after Fort Sumter, if your loyalties lie with the North, you had best go home now to New York, and John responds, no, you have accepted me here and Gloucester is now my home and community, and I will stand with the South and Virginia. “I am honor bound to share its fate.”[3]

At such a young age, in a time when few thought a long war likely, when he probably did not foresee the wars brutality and bloodshed, did John really think about or even understand the consequences of such a decision? Does anyone of his age really understand risks, the frailty of life, the reality of war? I think being a young man, he became caught up in the passions of those around him, wanting badly to fit in to his new home and way of life. I’m sure he thought of the words Duty and Honor. Perhaps John loved someone? Nothing I’ve seen suggests such a romance, but what motivates a young man just starting out more than love, and visions of honor and glory? In those days of flags flying, militia drills, parades, and musters held in Gloucester, stirring contests on horseback and parties with southern belles, the atmosphere must have been intoxicating to a confident young man, who already had a home and a bright future.

And yet I wonder, what did his father, Marcellus, think? Older and wiser, did he fear what might be coming for his oldest son? Did he have second thoughts about setting him up (I assume together with John’s aunt) on the plantation? Did he warn John about the trouble clearly coming? Did John Eells learn to love the south and Virginia through visiting his father or his Aunt Amanda Gerrard in Parkersburg, while growing up? There is no mention of John’s mother ever coming to Virginia. Had she still been alive, what might she have felt of his plans, staying in Virginia, enlisting in the Confederate Cavalry, and going to war against the state of New York, where she and all John’s family lived? Would she have pleaded with him to come home to New York? What did his sisters and younger brother think, all still living in New York City, one of whom, married a man who enlisted in the Union infantry? So many questions, which may never be fully answered.

John starts his military career in Virginia at just 20 years old, enlisting as a private, Company H, 9^th Virginia Cavalry, June 7^th, 1861, just two months after the attack on Fort Sumter and 3 months after his 20^th birthday. Soon promoted to corporal, he goes on leave in November of 1861.  According to the book Gloucester in the Civil War, he is serving “as a Private in Lee’s Rangers, and with that company spent summer and autumn of 1861 in the mountains of northwest Virginia (now West Virginia).”[4]

The following winter, he is detailed to Camp Lee at Richmond, as a cavalry instructor. Clearly, he is skilled in the saddle and recognized as having leadership qualities. His company elects him Captain on April 18, 1862[5], and the company is assigned to General Magruder’s command at Yorktown, Virginia, at the beginning of the Peninsula Campaign. On May 4, Yorktown falls, and the Union Army begins advancing towards Richmond.[6]

The Confederates withdraw up the peninsula, covering the movement with a delaying action at Williamsburg. Some cavalry skirmishing occurs on May 4. Captain Eells is wounded, receiving a saber cut on his hand at the battle of Williamsburg on May 5, 1862.[7] He always seems to have taken risks. The day long battle included several charges and counter charges, but I have not located any detailed accounts mentioning Eells or his company.

He recovers quickly and is back on active duty in a few months with the newly formed 5^th Virginia Cavalry.  The 5^th Virginia formed in the spring of 1862, under Col. Thomas L. Rosser. There are 10 companies, and Eells is listed as Captain, of Company F, Shields Lancers (or Dragoons). Rosser officially took command of the new regiment on June 27, 1862. They then take part in the campaign against Pope’s army on the Rappahannock.[8]

Eells is taken prisoner on August 21, 1862, at Beverly Ford, Virginia, after his horse is shot out from under him in a charge. In his report, General Stuart described the action:

“In pursuance of the plan of the commanding General (Jackson) I directed Colonel Rosser to move at daylight with his command for Beverly or Cunningham’s Ford as advance guard of the army, to seize the opposite bank by a sudden attack, and hold as much of the country beyond as possible. This duty was nobly performed, and by the time I reached the spot Colonel Rosser had accomplished the object, capturing a number of prisoners, 50 excellent muskets, stacked (his sudden dash having frightened the enemy away from their arms), and held enough of the bank to make a crossing… possible. All this was promptly reported to General Jackson, who supplied me with two pieces of artillery, which were advantageously posted, under my immediate direction, beyond. For some reason the army did not follow, and our small force of cavalry and this section of artillery sustained an unequal contest for the greater part of the day with artillery, infantry, and cavalry, during which a brilliant charge as foragers was made by Colonel Rosser’s cavalry, dispersing, capturing, and killing a number of the enemy, losing but one captured, whose bravery and heroism led him too far; I refer to Capt. John Eells, Fifth Virginia Cavalry. The daring of Colonel Rosser’s command excited the unreserved praise of the enemy.”[9]

The fighting described above, ultimately led to the flanking movement around Pope’s army and later to the Confederate victory in the Second Battle of Manassas.

After he is captured (which will be described later in more detail in the letter Rosser wrote requesting Eells promotion to Major) John is imprisoned at the Old Capital Prison, in Washington D.C. He is exchanged on September 21, 1862, at Aikens Landing, Virginia, for Union Captain R. A. Fitch. By October 14, he is again on the rolls as Captain and also as assistant quartermaster, but a note states, “never served.” He may have been recovering and searching for a new horse, as records show he is paid $600 for a new horse on November 11.

In the fall, his company suffered from losses and desertions during the remaining campaigns of 1862.  After much hard fighting, Eells’s former company (Company F, Shields Lancers), is disbanded at his request (explained further in Rosser’s letter regarding Eells promotion) on January 20, 1863.[10]  He re-enlists in Rosser’s 5^th Virginia, as a private, and appears on the rolls as present at Hanover Court House, January 12 through February 13, 1863.

On March 29, a deserter from the 5^th turned himself in to the Federals at Dumfries. When questioned as to why he deserted, he responded “no pay, no clothing, and only one-fourth a pound of meat a day.”[11] Life in the Confederate cavalry was difficult.

 On April 11, and just 22 years of age, Eells is promoted to major, replacing John Puller (the great grandfather of Marine hero Chesty Puller), KIA on March 17, at Kelley’s Ford. General Stuart reportedly said, “that this is the hardest cavalry fight that I ever saw.”[12]

In his letter to Confederate Secretary of War James Seddon, requesting Eells’s promotion, Rosser wrote on April 11:

“Sir, by the disbandment of his company, Captain John Eells of my regiment has lost his commission and he has taken his place in the ranks to fight for his country as a private soldier, but inasmuch as he was senior Captain in my regiment before his company was disbanded and consequently entitled to the Majority (rank of Major) in the event of its being rendered vacant by any circumstance. I now respectfully request that I may be permitted to submit the following statement of facts, concerning Capt. Eells, which I do in accordance with Gen. Orders No. 110 …showing his extraordinary valor and skill (all emphasis is Rosser’s), not only in individual cases but on all occasions, and under all circumstances especially when thrown in contact with the enemy which is now invading and threatening our country.

“In the beginning of the campaign against ‘Pope,’ when our army arrived at the Rappahannock, General Jackson encountered the enemy in considerable force at ‘Beverly’s Ford’, and after shelling them for a short time I was ordered across the river in face of the opposing enemy with my regiment I crossed at a charge and captured the small body of the enemy that remained to guard the ford. Capt. Eells commanded my advance guard and pressed on vigorously charging the enemy several times, capturing 35 or 40 prisoners. I could not advance further than a mile and a half from the river. I found the enemy in strong force and could only retain my position with great difficulty for four or five hours. During this time, I charged with the regiment several times, and for a few moments before I was ordered to recross the river it became necessary for me to charge a regiment of the enemy cavalry which threatened my flank. I charged with the entire regiment with the exception of Captain Eells’ squadron. Before I had rallied the regiment after the successful charge, the enemy had attacked Captain Eells with three companies of infantry. The gallant Capt. seeing that his regiment could not reform to meet the enemy immediately but knowing that something should be done immediately ordered his squadron to charge and at the head of his men threw himself before the advancing foe. This gallant charge was successful, the enemy was driven back. But its heroic leader by having his horse killed under him fell into the hands of the enemy, and was not released from their prison until our army had fallen back from Maryland and in the meanwhile Captain Eells’ company, being almost entirely Marylanders, had become displeased with the Lt. commanding and failed to return to Virginia with the army.

“Therefore, returning to his regiment and finding only a small portion of his once excellent company still struggling with us for Liberty, he requested that it should be disbanded and took his place in the ranks where he has done excellent service ever since.

“But now, when in the presence of the enemy with the consent of the officers, I always assign an important post to Captain Eells, I generally give him command of a good squadron.

“General Fitz Lee is anxious to see him Major of my regiment and General Stuart has become familiar the merit of Captain Eells and suggested the course to me, which I proposed to you today in your office.

“The majority (position of Major) of the regiment is now vacant, rendered so by the dispatch of the gallant Puller (Major John William Puller), and I earnestly request that Captain John Eells be appointed to fill this vacancy. Otherwise, an inefficient and worthless officer could be forced upon me in the person of the present aspirant. [Feeling that merit alone establishes the claims of officers to promotion under the circumstances of our political affairs, I feel that I have consulted the best interests of the service in submitting the above recommendation].

“I am sir, most respectfully your obedient servant

T L Rosser, Col 5th Virginia Cavalry”[13]

The Loudoun Valley

Some of John’s military records state, “killed on June 17, 1863,” the first of several days of fighting in the Loudoun Valley of Virginia. But I think his death came on June 22, the last day of the action in the valley. There are several accounts of his death.

Battles are often described in hazy recollections of imperfect memory. Even if recalled perfectly, the descriptions are not always clear. I have often read inaccurate accounts of historic events in newspapers. The fighting in the Loudoun Valley occurred over six long days, as Stuart screened Lee’s army moving towards Pennsylvania.

The cavalry first clashed at a small crossroads named Aldie. There, the 5^th Virginia had a central role in the battle and in turning back the initial attack of the Union Cavalry.  I believe Eells participated and survived the brutally hot, bloody day, as well as several subsequent days of fighting.

For the next several days, the 5^th Virginia helped to secure the left (northern) flank of the Confederate lines, while the central axis of fighting shifted to the center and right flank, between Aldie and Upperville. The Confederates almost succeed in preventing the Union Cavalry from penetrating the mountain passes to observe Lee’s army, but a small party of Union Cavalry did reach the top of the Blue Ridge and gain some intelligence. After the two forces fought each other to near exhaustion, the Union Cavalry withdrew through Aldie on June 22, having accomplished their main objective. The Confederates, under Stuart and Rosser did not want to let them go peaceably, and harassed the Union rear guard, looking for targets of opportunity. The Union responded with some brief counter assaults of their own in a back-and-forth action.[14]

The following accounts, compiled by historian Robert Driver, in his history of the regiment. give us a glimpse of Eells’s final moments.

“On the morning of June 22, the Federals attacked the 1^st Regiments pickets [near Goose Creek]. Rosser led the 5^th in a charge that drove the enemy back across Goose Creek, and the Picket line was reestablished.”

According to a Private Jones, “General Stuart came up to Col. Rosser and told him to take his regiment back to camp, that they had won laurel enough during that fight. But instead of that, he took them off to another place & stirred the Yankees up in large force, too many for us. Their sharpshooters got behind a stone fence, our men charged them in the road but their sharpshooters poured volley after volley into our men. Our men of course [had] to fall back, as we had no sharpshooters, but after a long time our brigade came to our support & the Yanks had to travel, that was the day we lost Major Eells and other good men…”

Stuart reported, “Colonel Rosser, Fifth Virginia Cavalry, having been sent across from Snickersville early to reconnoiter, contributed very materially to the vigor of this pursuit. Major Eells…a gallant and meritorious officer, was killed in a charge upon the enemy near Goose Creek Bridge.”

Driver concluded, “The dashing Eells led a squadron in a charge against a Federal cavalry force. The two companies faltered under the hot fire from the Union troopers but Eells continued on, leaping his steed over a stone wall among the enemy. The squadron, ashamed they had failed to follow him, turned around and charged the Federals, driving them from the stone wall. Eells body was found in a circle of dead Yankees.”[15]

In the book “Small but Important Riots,” the author described Eells final moments on June 22:

“Moving east along the turnpike, Col. Thomas Mumford had also pressed the Federals as they fell back. Mumford’s advance had been largely uncontested, but Col. Thomas Rosser loved a good fight. Nearing Goose Creek, Rosser determined to pitch into the Yankees one more time.

“After establishing a picket line along the stream, near the bridge burned three days earlier, the men of the Ninth New York had already begun cooking dinner, when a squadron from Rosser’s Fifth Virginia hit the pickets. Capt. Timothy Hanley, dubbed the “Fighting Captain” by his men, led his squadron in a counterattack and drove the Virginians back across the creek. Just as a third company arrived to reinforce Hanley, the Virginians attacked a second time. In the brief melee that resulted, the New Yorkers killed Major John Eells. His death convinced Rosser to abandon the effort and brought the fighting in the Loudoun Valley to an end.”[16]

The History of the 9^th Regiment, New York Volunteer Cavalry contains the following description:

“June 22^nd, the Cavalry Corps moved back from Upperville to Aldie. The regiment moved from Aldie out three miles on the Snicker’s Gap turnpike to Goose Creek and placed out pickets. Soon the pickets were attacked and companies F and K under command of Captain Hanley went out to support them. He forded the stream and sent Lieut. James Smith ahead with the advance guard. Smith soon struck the enemy’s pickets and after a sharp skirmish Hanley charged with his squadron driving the enemy’s pickets back to their main force near Philomont. Hanley immediately fell back sharply followed by the enemy who was in considerable force. After moving back about a mile across a ravine Lieut. James Burrows of Company K who was in command of the rear guard shouted, halt, to the advancing enemy and fired, killing a Major Eells who was in the advance. The enemy, evidently fearing they had encountered a larger force, as they could not see beyond the ravine, immediately retreated. As Lieut. Burrows’s horse was nearly worn out the horse of Major Eells gave him an excellent remount. In the sharp skirmishing, Wm. J. Clark of Company F was killed, and John P. Samuelson wounded.  Corporal Thos. I. Baker, Amos Woodin of Company F and James Lewis of Company K were captured. Several Confederate prisoners were taken by the squadron. (Alexander Williams, then Regimental Hospital Steward, says in his diary at the time, that two men, besides Major Eells, were killed and twelve prisoners and seven horses captured near Philomont.)

“Captain Hanley sent back to the regiment for reinforcements saying he could not retire. The messenger met two companies coming out to learn what had become of Hanley but when they came up the enemy had disappeared. From a captured prisoner it was learned that the enemy intended to cross Goose Creek, at another ford, and capture the camp of the 9^th N.Y. while the regiment lay there dismounted and unsaddled, but their plan was frustrated by Hanley’s movement and the killing of Major Eells.”[17]

A correspondent for The New York Times wrote:

“(Dateline June 22) There was some skirmishing near Aldie today. General Buford moved up the Snickers Gap Road as far as where the enemy had destroyed the bridge over Goose Creek [Actually destroyed by Union troops on June 19], the Second Brigade, Col. Devin, in advance. At noon a picket was fired upon, when Captain Hanley of the Ninth New York, crossed the creek with a squadron, and after a brief skirmish drove the enemy away. Captain Hanley lost three men, taken prisoners. In a charge made, Lieutenant [Burrows] of the Ninth New York Cavalry shot Major Eells, of the rebel lancers [the Fifth Virginia had briefly carried lances earlier in the war], through the head, and another officer, a lieutenant, was mortally wounded, and several prisoners taken.”[18]

In addition to the erroneous date of June 17, Johns’ military records also state “killed June 22, 1863, at Upperville.”[19]

So, these two young sons of New York, Eells and Burrows, who under other circumstances might have been friends, met as opponents on a battlefield in Virginia and one did not survive the encounter.  Truly a Civil War, brother against brother. In the Union account (which I feel may be closest to the truth); Burrows seems to offer Eells a chance to surrender. I picture Eells galloping bravely far out in front of any real support, in the heat of battle, coming perhaps unexpectedly into a large group of Union Cavalry. He apparently didn’t hear the command to “halt” or act fast enough, or he refused to surrender, and thus his brief life ends. Nine days later, July 1, 1863, Lieutenant Burrows (possibly riding Eells captured horse) and the 9^th New York meet the enemy again in the opening action of the war’s climactic battle at Gettysburg. Burrows, age 26, is killed in action August 25, 1864, at Shepherdstown, Virginia. So, both young men from New York did not survive the war.

Thus ends the life of John Thomas Eells, my second great granduncle. Just 22 years old. A brief life full of promise. He left no one behind and nothing I have found telling his story in his own words. Forced to choose a side, he made his pivotal decision, for reasons we can speculate on but never really know. Had he lived longer, might he have come to see slavery as wrong? Though he must have had several chances to walk away, as many men did after seeing the brutality of the war, he saw his decision through to the very end. Did his upbringing in New York make his decisions easier or harder?  

John Eells seems to have quickly impressed all those around him, first in Gloucester, then in the cavalry, with men of all ranks – the mark of a true leader. Enlisting as a private at 20 years of age, he died as a major at 22, still barely a man. War, they say, is started by old men but fought by young men.  Clearly a brave young man, Eells fought repeatedly with “valor and skill.”

I wonder if his family first learned of his death from reading the blunt statement in the New York Times. Did the reporter feel the need to provide the gruesome detail of how he died, unstated in the other reports? Did he invent the disturbing description? I doubt the writer had any concerns about Eells’ next of kin and how the news might affect them. Did John’s father die of typhoid in 1864 as the records state, or maybe of a broken heart?

In 1870, his aunt, Amanda Jerrard, sold his estate in Virginia. How sad she must have been finally closing up his home. Perhaps after the war she may have lived there a few years. I think she did love him like a son.

His name is on the Confederate War Memorial at Gloucester Virginia. In an article about the sons of Gloucester named on the memorial, Robert Plummer voices, eloquently, my own feelings as I have researched John Eells. “The purpose of this article,” Plummer wrote, “is to bring these men to life, so to speak. These men were our great grandparents’ neighbors, friends, and relatives.”[20]

I will not comment on this war except to say there is no good war. Wars do bring results, however. The Civil War preserved the Union and ended slavery; a result long overdue in our country founded on the premise “all men are created equal.” I’m saddened the war was fought and John Eells was on the wrong side of the slavery issue, but many who lived then were as well. Even many people in the North. We are all partly products of our time, place, and upbringing.

Do we today have the right to judge anyone, let alone someone who lived over 150 years ago in a different time? Lincoln sought to heal the nation, not punish the people trying to become citizens again of one reunited union after the Civil War. Grant and the Union Army showed great respect for the Confederate soldiers who had fought so bravely, at the end of the war. I believe we should do the same for them now.

I don’t know the answers, I’m not even sure how I feel after writing about John Eells’s life and death. But in spite of those complex issues, John Eells deserves to be remembered. None of us are perfect. Many people find themselves on the wrong side of an issue or history but fervently believe they are right at the time. Who ultimately judges us? Do some things (time and place and upbringing) mitigate or excuse our mistakes and short comings? I still don’t know his thoughts and feelings and can only assume them based on his actions.  Young…so very young, John never really had time to grow. I like to think given time his views might have changed. The struggles of right and wrong still continue, we are all caught up in them and in a collective human history. We are human beings full of contradictions. We have fought many wars, most should never have been fought, and we will probably continue to fight them in the future. Forgiveness is a key to moving humanity forward. And God knows we all will need at least some forgiveness. If only the politicians of the time had been able to keep talking and solve the issue without war.

John Eells deserves more than one line in a Genealogy book, left, I think, intentionally vague. I am saddened by the things he apparently got wrong, proud of the things he did right, and proud of his bravery. Judging him is not my place. He paid the ultimate price after all. He never got to have children and grandchildren, like so many young men who died in the war. No direct descendants to remember him.

God speed second great granduncle John Eells, may you rest in peace. I’m glad I got to know something about you.

Afterward:

I have not been able to find out where John Eells’s mother and father are buried, unusual today with so much online information.

John is buried at Stonewall Cemetery, Winchester Virginia. I hope someday to visit and place a flower on his grave, to honor his memory.

His aunt, Amanda Jerrard, rests in a cemetery just a few miles from my house, in a family plot with my great grandparents. I have visited without knowing John’s story and her key role. Now, knowing some of their story, I will, on my next visit, look at Amanda’s resting place, listen in silence, and wonder what more she might have told me about John Eells. Someday I hope to visit the Aldie battlefield and reflect on the six days there, where in hard fighting John Eells and so many young men on both sides “gave the last full measure of devotion.”

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[1] Rev. Earnest Edward Eells, Eells Family History 1633-1952, New York, Heart of the Lakes Publishing 1985, 145

2 Ludwell Lee Montague, Gloucester County in the Civil War, John Henry Printing, 2023, 59

 

[3] Montague, Gloucester County in The Civil War, 59

[4] Montague, Gloucester County in The Civil War, 59

[5] Robert J. Driver, 5^th Virginia Cavalry, Maryland, Heritage Books, 2023, 27

[6] Sheridan R. Barringer, Custer’s Gray Rival, Burlington, NC, Fox Run Publishing, 2019, 37

[7] Driver, 5^th Virginia Cavalry, 27

[8] Barringer, Custer’s Gray Rival, 38

[9] Official Records, 12, 2 730

[10] Driver, 5^th Virginia Cavalry, 45

[11] Driver, 5^th Virginia Cavalry, 50

[12] Driver, 5^th Virginia Cavalry, 50

[13] Military records

[14] Robert F. O’Neill, Small but Important Riots, Nebraska, University of Nebraska Press, 2023, 217

[15] Driver, 5^th Virginia Cavalry, 56

[16] O’Neill, Small but Important Riots, 217

[17] Newel Cheney, History of the 9^th Regiment, New York Volunteer Cavalry, War of 1861 to 1865, Miami,

Florida, Hard Press Publishing, 99

[18] The New York Times, June 26, 1863, page 1

[19] Military records, Confederate Officers Card

[20] Robert W. Plummer, “An Introduction to the 132 Men Whose Names Appear on The Gloucester Confederate Monument”, Rootsweb.com